Cell Injury Quizzes

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Cell Injury Quiz

Cell Injury Quiz I

1 / 20

Which microscopic finding is most consistent with reversible cell injury?

1. Plasma membrane rupture

2. Mitochondrial calcification

3. Cytoplasmic vacuolization

4. Nuclear fragmentation

Correct answer: Cytoplasmic vacuolization
Explanation: Cytoplasmic vacuolization reflects organelle swelling caused by disturbed ion balance and is reversible. Plasma membrane rupture, mitochondrial calcification, and nuclear fragmentation indicate irreversible injury.

2 / 20

Detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum leads to:

1. Increased protein synthesis

2. Reduced protein synthesis

3. Nuclear condensation

4. Calcium influx

Correct answer: Reduced protein synthesis
Explanation: Ribosome detachment halts translation, reducing protein synthesis in a reversible manner. Nuclear condensation and calcium influx reflect more severe injury.

3 / 20

Transient ischemia remains reversible primarily because:

1. DNA remains intact

2. Membranes can recover

3. Lysosomes rupture early

4. Inflammation is absent

Correct answer: Membranes can recover
Explanation: Recovery depends on restoration of membrane function and ion homeostasis. DNA damage and lysosomal rupture indicate irreversibility. Inflammation is a response to cell death, not reversibility.

4 / 20

Temporary inhibition of protein synthesis during hypoxia occurs because of:

1. DNA damage

2. Ribosome detachment

3. Lysosomal rupture

4. Calcium influx

Correct answer: Ribosome detachment
Explanation: ATP depletion causes ribosomes to detach from the endoplasmic reticulum. DNA damage and lysosomal rupture indicate irreversible injury.

5 / 20

Cells exposed to a metabolic toxin develop fatty change while membranes remain intact. This pattern most strongly indicates:

1. Irreversible injury

2. Reversible metabolic injury

3. Coagulative necrosis

4. Programmed cell death

Correct answer: Reversible metabolic injury
Explanation: Fatty change reflects impaired lipid metabolism in viable cells with preserved membranes, indicating a reversible metabolic disturbance. Irreversible injury involves membrane disruption and nuclear damage. Coagulative necrosis and programmed cell death both represent forms of cell death rather than reversible metabolic change.

6 / 20

Cells recover after mild toxic exposure because which structure remains functional?

1. Lysosomes

2. Mitochondria

3. Nuclear envelope

4. Cytoskeleton

Correct answer: Mitochondria
Explanation: Preserved mitochondrial function allows ATP production to resume and supports recovery. Lysosomal rupture causes autodigestion. Nuclear envelope damage and cytoskeletal collapse impair cell viability.

7 / 20

Which factor most strongly influences whether a cell recovers after injury?

1. Type of cell

2. Duration of injury

3. Degree of edema

4. Presence of inflammation

Correct answer: Duration of injury
Explanation: Prolonged injury allows irreversible damage to accumulate. Cell type influences susceptibility but does not override duration.

8 / 20

Cells recover after mild heat exposure once temperature normalizes. This indicates:

1. Apoptosis

2. Necrosis

3. Reversible injury

4. Autolysis

Correct answer: Reversible injury
Explanation: Recovery after removal of the stressor indicates reversible injury. Necrosis, apoptosis, and autolysis involve cell death.

9 / 20

The earliest microscopic sign of hypoxic injury is:

1. Nuclear karyolysis

2. Cytoplasmic eosinophilia

3. Cellular swelling

4. Plasma membrane rupture

Correct answer: Cellular swelling
Explanation: Cellular swelling is the earliest morphologic change. Nuclear dissolution, eosinophilia, and membrane rupture occur later.

10 / 20

10.

Which feature best distinguishes irreversible from reversible cell injury?

1. Reduced ATP levels

2. Cellular swelling

3. Nuclear pyknosis

4. Ribosome detachment

Correct answer: Nuclear pyknosis
Explanation: Nuclear pyknosis reflects irreversible nuclear damage. Reduced ATP, swelling, and ribosome detachment can occur during reversible injury and resolve if the insult is removed.

11 / 20

11.

Early ischemic injury most directly disrupts which cellular process?

1. DNA replication

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

3. Lysosomal enzyme activity

4. Cytoskeletal protein synthesis

Correct answer: Oxidative phosphorylation
Explanation: Oxygen is required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and reduced oxygen delivery rapidly decreases ATP production. DNA replication and cytoskeletal synthesis are secondary effects of ATP depletion, while lysosomal enzymes become active later during irreversible injury.

12 / 20

12.

Intracellular acidosis during hypoxia primarily results from:

1. Fatty acid oxidation

2. Lactic acid accumulation

3. Calcium efflux

4. Increased oxygen consumption

Correct answer: Lactic acid accumulation
Explanation: Anaerobic glycolysis during hypoxia produces lactic acid, lowering intracellular pH. Fatty acid oxidation and oxygen consumption decrease, while calcium efflux is impaired.

13 / 20

13.

Which organelle is most sensitive to reduced oxygen availability?

1. Nucleus

2. Lysosome

3. Mitochondrion

4. Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: Mitochondrion
Explanation: Mitochondria depend on oxygen for ATP production and are affected early in hypoxia. Nuclear and lysosomal damage occur later, and Golgi dysfunction is secondary.

14 / 20

14.

Loss of microvilli from epithelial cells during hypoxia most directly reflects:

1. Nuclear injury

2. Cytoskeletal disruption

3. Apoptosis

4. DNA mutation

Correct answer: Cytoskeletal disruption
Explanation: ATP depletion disrupts cytoskeletal anchoring proteins, leading to surface blebbing and loss of microvilli. Nuclear injury and apoptosis occur later, while DNA mutation is not an acute hypoxic effect.

15 / 20

15.

Which event occurs earliest during hypoxic cell injury?

1. Lysosomal membrane rupture

2. ATP depletion

3. Nuclear fragmentation

4. Protein denaturation

Correct answer: ATP depletion
Explanation: ATP depletion is the initiating event in hypoxic injury. Lysosomal rupture, nuclear fragmentation, and protein denaturation occur later and indicate irreversible damage.

16 / 20

16.

Reversible injury differs from necrosis because reversible injury:

1. Causes inflammation

2. Preserves membrane integrity

3. Results in DNA breakdown

4. Activates caspases

Correct answer: Preserves membrane integrity
Explanation: Reversible injury maintains membrane integrity, allowing recovery. Necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation. DNA breakdown and caspase activation are associated with cell death pathways.

17 / 20

17.

After a brief episode of hypoxia, cells show reduced protein synthesis but recover when oxygen is restored. Which cellular change best explains this finding?

1. Fragmentation of nuclear DNA

2. Detachment of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum

3. Rupture of lysosomal membranes

4. Loss of plasma membrane integrity

Correct answer: Detachment of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: ATP depletion during hypoxia disrupts energy-dependent processes, including maintenance of ribosome attachment to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosome detachment temporarily reduces protein synthesis but can reverse when ATP levels recover. Nuclear DNA fragmentation is irreversible and incompatible with recovery. Lysosomal rupture causes autodigestion and cell death. Loss of plasma membrane integrity leads to leakage of cellular contents and necrosis.

18 / 20

18.

Loss of mitochondrial cristae suggests progression toward:

1. Recovery

2. Adaptation

3. Irreversible injury

4. Atrophy

Correct answer: Irreversible injury
Explanation: Cristae loss prevents ATP generation and marks irreversible injury. Recovery and adaptation require intact mitochondria.

19 / 20

19.

Reversible cell injury is best described as:

1. Structural disintegration

2. Functional impairment without death

3. Programmed cell elimination

4. Enzymatic autodigestion

Correct answer: Functional impairment without death
Explanation: Reversible injury impairs function but preserves viability. Structural disintegration, programmed elimination, and autodigestion occur after cell death.

20 / 20

20.

Which finding indicates that cell injury has become irreversible?

1. ATP depletion

2. Cell swelling

3. Loss of membrane integrity

4. Reduced protein synthesis

Correct answer: Loss of membrane integrity
Explanation: Loss of membrane integrity causes leakage of cellular contents and prevents recovery. ATP depletion, swelling, and reduced protein synthesis may still be reversible.

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Cell Injury Quiz

Cell Injury Quiz II

1 / 20

Loss of microvilli from epithelial cells during hypoxia most directly reflects:

1. Nuclear injury

2. Cytoskeletal disruption

3. Apoptosis

4. DNA mutation

2 / 20

Which ionic movement contributes most to early cell swelling?

1. Potassium efflux

2. Sodium influx

3. Calcium extrusion

4. Chloride secretion

Correct answer: Sodium influx
Explanation: Sodium influx due to pump failure draws water into the cell, causing swelling. Potassium efflux and calcium extrusion are secondary events.

3 / 20

Which organelle is most sensitive to reduced oxygen availability?

1. Nucleus

2. Lysosome

3. Mitochondrion

4. Golgi apparatus

4 / 20

Which change is least likely during reversible injury?

1. Cellular swelling

2. Fatty change

3. Nuclear fragmentation

4. Ribosome detachment

Correct answer: Nuclear fragmentation
Explanation: Nuclear fragmentation is a feature of irreversible injury. The other changes are characteristic of reversible injury.

5 / 20

After a brief episode of hypoxia, cells show reduced protein synthesis but recover when oxygen is restored. Which cellular change best explains this finding?

1. Fragmentation of nuclear DNA

2. Detachment of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum

3. Rupture of lysosomal membranes

4. Loss of plasma membrane integrity

6 / 20

Which feature best distinguishes irreversible from reversible cell injury?

1. Reduced ATP levels

2. Cellular swelling

3. Nuclear pyknosis

4. Ribosome detachment

7 / 20

Cells exposed to a metabolic toxin develop fatty change while membranes remain intact. This pattern most strongly indicates:

1. Irreversible injury

2. Reversible metabolic injury

3. Coagulative necrosis

4. Programmed cell death

8 / 20

Transient ischemia remains reversible primarily because:

1. DNA remains intact

2. Membranes can recover

3. Lysosomes rupture early

4. Inflammation is absent

9 / 20

Intracellular acidosis during hypoxia primarily results from:

1. Fatty acid oxidation

2. Lactic acid accumulation

3. Calcium efflux

4. Increased oxygen consumption

10 / 20

10.

Which event occurs earliest during hypoxic cell injury?

1. Lysosomal membrane rupture

2. ATP depletion

3. Nuclear fragmentation

4. Protein denaturation

11 / 20

11.

Early ischemic injury most directly disrupts which cellular process?

1. DNA replication

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

3. Lysosomal enzyme activity

4. Cytoskeletal protein synthesis

12 / 20

12.

Which microscopic finding is most consistent with reversible cell injury?

1. Plasma membrane rupture

2. Mitochondrial calcification

3. Cytoplasmic vacuolization

4. Nuclear fragmentation

13 / 20

13.

Which organelle is most sensitive to hypoxic injury?

1. Lysosome

2. Mitochondrion

3. Golgi apparatus

4. Ribosome

Correct answer: Mitochondrion
Explanation: Mitochondria are highly sensitive to hypoxia because they depend on oxygen for ATP generation.

14 / 20

14.

Which change indicates irreversible cell injury?

1. Fatty change

2. Cellular swelling

3. Membrane damage

4. Chromatin clumping

Correct answer: Membrane damage
Explanation: Severe membrane damage leads to loss of cellular integrity and marks the point of irreversible cell injury.

15 / 20

15.

Mild oxidative stress primarily damages cells by affecting:

1. DNA synthesis

2. Membrane lipids

3. Ribosomal RNA

4. Nuclear pores

Correct answer: Membrane lipids
Explanation: Reactive oxygen species initiate lipid peroxidation, increasing membrane permeability. DNA and ribosomal damage occur with more severe injury.

16 / 20

16.

Which finding indicates that cell injury has become irreversible?

1. ATP depletion

2. Cell swelling

3. Loss of membrane integrity

4. Reduced protein synthesis

17 / 20

17.

Reversible injury differs from necrosis because reversible injury:

1. Causes inflammation

2. Preserves membrane integrity

3. Results in DNA breakdown

4. Activates caspases

18 / 20

18.

What is the primary cause of hypoxic cell injury?

1. DNA strand breaks

2. Reduced ATP production

3. Protein denaturation

4. Free radical excess

Correct answer: Reduced ATP production
Explanation: Hypoxia reduces oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, leading to decreased ATP production and impaired cellular function.

19 / 20

19.

Cells recover after mild toxic exposure because which structure remains functional?

1. Lysosomes

2. Mitochondria

3. Nuclear envelope

4. Cytoskeleton

20 / 20

20.

Detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum leads to:

1. Increased protein synthesis

2. Reduced protein synthesis

3. Nuclear condensation

4. Calcium influx

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