C: Almost immediately (within 2 s) after a blood vessel is cut, the vessel walls contract in a spasm to slow the flow of blood (vessel diameter decreases).

2 / 19

2. In the haemostasis process, what forms as a result of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

1. Fibrin

2. Thrombin

3. A platelet plug

4. Prothrombinase

D: The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways form “prothrombinase” (also called prothrombin activator) from factor X.

3 / 19

3. The blood group known as the ABO system is based on the presence of what proteins on blood cells?

1. Antibodies

2. Antigens

3. Agglutinins

4. Immunoglobulins

B: Antigens are on the membrane of the RBC. The other three terms all describe the same thing, antibodies that are circulating in the plasma.

4 / 19

4. What is the SECOND step in the three phases of haemostasis?

1. The vascular phase

2. The intrinsic pathway

3. The extrinsic pathway

4. The platelet phase

D: The three phases are vascular phase, platelet phase and coagulation phase (which, in turn, has three steps).

5 / 19

5. What is the term “formed elements” used to mean in a description of blood?

1. White blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

2. Blood plasma

3. Blood serum

4. The clotting factors in blood

A: Formed elements are the nonliquid or solute parts of the blood.

6 / 19

6. Changes in cardiac structure associated with aging would include all of the following except?

1. Elongation of the aorta

2. Endocardial fibrosis

3. Increased sensitivity to baroreceptors

4. The increased size of the left atrium

7 / 19

7. Which blood cells are involved in protecting the body from pathogens and foreign cells?

1. Erythrocytes

2. Leucocytes

3. Platelets

4. Haemoglobin

B: Leucocytes (white blood cells) include NK (natural killer), T and B lymphocytes and macrophages and microphages.

8 / 19

8. The coronary arteries arise from the___

1. Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle

2. Pulmonary artery at the apex of the right ventricle

3. Pulmonary vein near the left atrium

4. Superior vena cava at the origin of the right atrium

9 / 19

9. Coronary arteries primarily receive blood flow during?

1. Diastole

2. Expiration

3. Inspiration

4. Systole

10 / 19

10. Pericarditis is inflammation involving the___

1. Exterior layer of the heart

2. Heart’s muscle fibers

3. Inner lining of the heart and valves

4. Thin fibrous sac encasing the heart

11 / 19

11. Heart rate is stimulated by all of the following except?

1. Excess thyroid hormone

2. Increased levels of circulating catecholamines

3. The sympathetic nervous system

4. The vagus nerve

12 / 19

12. An example of a beta-blocker that is administered to decrease automaticity is___

1. Cardizem

2. Cordarone

3. Lopressor

4. Rythmol

13 / 19

13. The pacemaker for the entire myocardium is the___

1. Atrioventricular junction

2. Bundle of His

3. Purkinje fibers

4. Sinoatrial node

14 / 19

14. Which of the following arteries primarily feeds the anterior wall of the heart?

1. Circumflex artery

2. Internal mammary artery

3. Left anterior descending artery

4. Right coronary artery

15 / 19

15. The difference between the systolic and the diastolic pressure is called the___

1. Auscultatory gap

2. Korotkoff sound

3. Pulse deficit

4. Pulse pressure

16 / 19

16. To which of the following would the term “white cell” NOT be applied?

1. Erythrocyte

2. Leucocyte

3. Lymphocyte

4. Monocyte

A: An erythrocyte is a red blood cell.

17 / 19

17. What is found in blood serum that is also in blood plasma?

1. Blood cells

2. Platelets

3. Plasma proteins

4. Clotting factors

C: Plasma proteins (except fibrinogen) are in plasma and in serum. Serum = plasma minus the clotting factors. Blood cells and platelets are not in plasma.

18 / 19

18. Which of the following conditions is not required for blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery?

1. Right ventricular pressure must be less than pulmonary arterial pressure

2. Right ventricular pressure must rise with systole

3. The atrioventricular valves must be closed

4. The pulmonic valve must be open

19 / 19

19. Which individuals can receive any type of blood and are considered universal recipients?

1. A+

2. O−

3. AB+

4. B−

C: People with AB+ blood do not have agglutinins (antibodies) against A, B or Rh D in their plasma. Hence they can receive any blood without causing the RBC in the donated blood to clump (agglutination).

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