LIVER, BILIARY TRACT AND PANCREATIC PROBLEMS QUIZZES

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Muscular System

Muscular System Quiz

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1. By which term is a muscle that opposes or reverses a particular movement called?

A. Agonist

B. Synergist

C. Antagonist

D. Fixator

C: An agonist muscle performs the action, while the antagonist must relax (be stretched) while the action is being performed (and can reverse the action of the agonist).

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2. Of the events that lead to myofilaments sliding over each other, which of the following happens first?

A. The myosin head engages with the binding site on actin.

B. Troponin changes shape and pulls on tropomyosin.

C. Calcium ions enter the cell cytoplasm.

D. ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

C: Ca must first enter the cytoplasm in order to bind with troponin. Once the binding site is exposed, the myosin head may engage the site. Prior to engagement, ATP must be hydrolysed to ADP.

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3. Which is the largest of the structures in a muscle fibre?

A. Myofibril

B. Myofilament

C. Myosin

D. Myopic

A: A myofibril extends the length of a muscle cell. A myofilament is shorter than a sarcomere, while myosin is a molecule in a thick myofilament.

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4. What is a “sarcomere”?

A. A cancer of connective tissue

B. The cytoplasm of a muscle cell

C. A section of a myofilament

D. The plasma membrane of a muscle cell

C: A myofilament is a long line of sarcomeres joined end to end. So one section of a myofilament is a sarcomere.

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5. Smooth muscle cells may be described by which of the following?

A. Striated, voluntary, multinucleate

B. Not striated, voluntary, multinucleate

C. Striated, involuntary, uninucleate

D. Not striated, involuntary, uninucleate

D: Smooth muscle is not striated, and it is involuntary and has one nucleus.

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6. All of the following structures are part of a muscle cell except?

A. Sarcoma

B. Sarcolemma

C. Sarcoplasm

D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A: Sarcoma refers to a malignant tumour (a cancer) of connective or other non-epithelial tissue (bones, muscles, tendons, cartilage, nerves, fat and blood vessels).

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7. Which of the events below is the FIRST to occur prior to a muscle cell contracting?

A. ATP binds to myosin.

B. ADP detaches from myosin

C. The active site on actin is exposed.

D. Ca++ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

D: The release of Ca+ from where it is stored (in the sarcoplasmic reticulum) is necessary before the active binding site of actin can be exposed.

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8. By what name is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell known?

A. Sarcoplasm

B. Sarcomere

C. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

D. Sarcolemma

D: “Sarco-” refers to flesh (muscle); “lemma-” refers to sheath (membrane) around the cell.

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9. Where are the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles located?

A. Seminal vesicle

B. Thigh

C. Forearm

D. Back

B: They are two of the three “hamstring” muscles on the dorsal thigh, the other being the biceps femoris.

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10. Which of the muscles listed below is named according to its action?

A. Adductor longus

B. Temporalis

C. Sternocleidomastoid

D. Peroneus longus

A: Adduction is the action of bringing an abducted bone back towards the body’s midline.

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11. By what name is something that attaches a bone to another bone known?

A. Aponeurosis

B. Sarcomere

C. Ligament

D. Tendon

C: Ligament is the “ligature” that joins articulating bones. A tendon (or an aponeurosis) attaches a muscle to a bone.

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12. Smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle because smooth muscle:

A. Is found in the walls of arteries

B. Can be voluntarily contracted

C. Has many nuclei in a cell

D. Has intercalated discs between cells

A: Smooth muscle occurs in the walls of tubes, whereas skeletal muscle does not

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13. Which protein(s) are found in thin myofilaments?

A. Actin

B. Actin and tropomyosin

C. Actin, tropomyosin and troponin

D. Actin, myosin, tropomyosin and troponin

C: Actin is the major component of a thin filament. Tropomyosin covers the biding site, while troponin provides the mechanism for removing tropomyosin from the binding site.

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14. Which muscle naming criteria are used to name the quadriceps femoris?

A. Muscle action and location

B. The origin and insertion

C. Location and direction of muscle fibres

D. Location and number of origins

D: Femoris refers to location on the femur; quadriceps refers to four origins.

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15. Which term is given to the unit of a myofibril that contracts?

A. Sarcoplasm

B. Sarcomere

C. Sarcolemma

D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

B: The contraction of a myofibril is due to the shortening of its component sarcomeres

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16. Which statement below best describes the role of Ca++ in muscle contraction?

A. Ca++ binds to troponin, thereby changing its shape to expose the binding site.

B. Ca++ causes ADP and inorganic phosphate to detach from the myosin cross-bridge.

C. Ca++ attaches to the myosin head, causing it to disengage from its binding site.

D. Ca++ crosses the sarcolemma from the axon terminal which allows the action potential to propagate along the sarcolemma.

A: Ca+ attaches to troponin causing a shape change which shifts the attached tropomyosin away from binding sites of actin.

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17. Which of the following muscle cell structures is the longest?

A. A myofilament

B. A myofibril

C. A sarcomere

D. A troponin molecule

B: A muscle cell is a bundle of myofibrils. Myofibrils contain many sarcomeres joined end to end. Within sarcomeres are found (the shorter) thick and thin myofilaments.

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18. Which of the following is the smallest structure within a muscle fibre?

A. Myosin

B. Myofilament

C. Myofibril

D. Sarcomere

A: Myosin is a molecule that makes up a thick myofilament. Many thick and thin myofilaments make up a sarcomere. Many sarcomeres joined end to end form a myofibril.

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19. During muscle cell contraction, what happens because of Ca++ binding to troponin?

A. The binding site on actin is uncovered.

B. Acetylcholine (ACh) is released

C. The cross-bridge disengages from the thin filament.

D. ATP hydrolyses to ADP.

A: Troponin causes tropomyosin (which covers the binding site of actin) to be shifted away.

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20. Which of the following muscles is named according to its origin and insertion?

A. Transversus abdominis

B. Semimembranosus

C. Sternocleidomastoid

D. Deltoid

C: The origin is on the sternum and clavicle (sternocleido-), while the insertion (on the “moving bone”) is to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

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Nervous System

Nervous System Quiz

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1. The ossicles of the ear pass on sound vibrations to the fluid in the inner ear. In what structure is this fluid located?

1. The organ of Corti

2. The cochlea

3. The Eustachian tube

4. The saccule and utricle

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2. By which of the following pathways does sound entering the ear reach the organ of Corti?

1. Basilar membrane, middle ear, oval window, endolymph

2. Tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlear fluid

3. Tectorial membrane, Eustachian tube, ossicles, cochlear fluid

4. Oval window, ear canal, auditory tube, endolymph

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3. What is the light sensitive cell in the retina that responds to black and white called?

1. Macula

2. Macula lutea

3. Cone

4. Rod

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4. All are effects of the parasympathetic nervous system EXCEPT?

1. Increases gut motility and digestive secretions

2. Causes bronchioles to constrict

3. Decreases heart rate

4. Causes bronchioles to dilate

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5. What is presbyopia due to?

1. The loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye

2. The change in the curvature of the cornea

3. The gradual loss of cone cells from the retina

4. The deviation from a spherical eyeball shape with ageing

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6. What part of the nervous system prepares the body for action during extreme situations?

1. The limbic system

2. The sympathetic division

3. The efferent system

4. The parasympathetic division

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7. Cataract is an eye disease which affects vision. It is caused by____

1. Blockage of the flow of aqueous humour through the canal of Schlemm and loss of intraocular pressure in the vitreous humour

2. Detachment of the lens and subsequent loss of vision in this part of the eye

3. Increased intraocular pressure which collapses the blood capillaries that perfuse the retina so part of it dies.

4. Opacity of the lens

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8. Which of the following is NOT indicative of the stimulation of the parasympathetic system?

1. Constriction of skeletal muscle blood vessels and vasodilation of renal blood vessels

2. Excitation of the blood flow to the kidneys and smooth muscles of the GI tract

3. Inhibition of heart rate and smooth muscles of the urinary bladder

4. Excitation of the smooth muscles of the urinary bladder and GI tract

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9. What is the light sensitive cell in the retina that responds to colour called?

1. Macula

2. Macula lutea

3. Cone

4. Rod

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10. The deterioration of sight with age is known by which term?

1. Protanopia

2. Presbyopia

3. Hyperopia

4. Scotopia

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11. Which of the following auditory structures are filled with fluid?

1. The inner ear

2. The middle ear

3. The external meatus

4. The Eustachian tube

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12. To which membrane is the ear’s organ of Corti attached?

1. The basilar membrane

2. The tympanic membrane

3. The tectorial membrane

4. The Eustachian membrane

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13. Which part of the retina has the greatest sensitivity to light?

1. The optic disc

2. Macula lutea

3. The choroid

4. Fovea centralis

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14. What does the ciliary muscle do when accommodation (focussing) in the eye occurs?

1. It contracts and the tension on the ciliary fibres increases making the eye lens less convex.

2. It relaxes and the tension on the ciliary fibres decreases allowing the eye lens to become more convex.

3. It contracts and the pull of the ciliary fibres decreases allowing the lens to become more convex.

4. It relaxes and the pull of the ciliary fibres increases to make the lens less convex.

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15. What is the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

1. Rapid predictable motor responses without processing by the brain

2. Conserving energy and maintaining body activities without conscious brain control

3. Preparing the body for energetic activity without conscious brain control

4. Gathering sensory information from the viscera that is not interpreted by the brain

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16. What is the function of the middle ear ossicles?

1. To protect the cochlea from excessively loud noises

2. To increase the sound intensity by resonating for sounds of frequencies near 3000 Hz

3. To amplify the sound intensity that reaches the tympanic membrane

4. To cause the sound energy of waves in air to be transmitted into the cochlear fluid

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17. Sound produces vibrations in the cochlear fluid of the inner ear. The movement of the fluid then produces motion in which of the following?

1. Tectorial membrane

2. Basilar membrane

3. Otolithic membrane

4. Crista ampullaris

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18. Glaucoma is an eye disease which affects vision. It is caused by____

1. Blockage of the flow of aqueous humour through the canal of Schlemm and loss of intraocular pressure in the vitreous humour

2. Detachment of the retina and subsequent loss of vision in this part of the eye

3. Cataracts that form in the eye’s lens which prevent light from reaching the retina

4. Increased intraocular pressure which collapses the blood capillaries that perfuse the retina so part of it dies.

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19. What innervates the diaphragm?

1. The spinal nerves from T6 to T12

2. The vagus nerve

3. The phrenic nerve

4. The sciatic nerve

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20. In which region of the eye does the most detailed vision occur? The____

1. Fovea centralis

2. Optic disc

3. Macula lutea

4. Ciliary body

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21. Which muscle(s) are NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

1. Cardiac muscle

2. The diaphragm

3. Soleus muscle

4. Smooth muscle

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22. What is the place where the blood vessels and nerve fibres come together and leave the posterior chamber of the eye called?

1. Macula lutea

2. Optic disc

3. Fovea centralis

4. Choroid

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23. Accommodation refers to the eye’s ability to focus light from objects whatever their distance from the eye. How is this achieved?

1. By altering the distance between the cornea and the eye’s lens

2. By altering the distance between the lens and the retina

3. By altering the shape of the eye’s lens

4. By altering the shape of the cornea

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24. What is the nerve that that carries most of the parasympathetic signals?

1. Phrenic

2. Vagus

3. Sciatic

4. Trigeminal

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25. Accommodation refers to our ability to bring objects at any distance into sharp visual focus by altering which of the following?

1. The distance between our eye and the object to be viewed

2. The curvature of our cornea

3. The curvature of the eye’s lens

4. The distance between the lens and retina

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26. What may be said of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

1. Its fibres emerge from the thoracic and lumbar regions.

2. The impulses flow mainly along the vagus nerves.

3. It stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

4. Are associated with ganglia that lie close to the spinal cord.

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