C: As aldosterone is concerned with the absorption of sodium ions, a_x000d_“mineral”, and aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex; it is termed a mineralocorticoid.

3 / 16

3. What effect does parathyroid hormone have?

1. It increases plasma Ca2+ concentration.

2. It decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration.

3. It increases the rate of ATP formation.

4. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

A: PTH increases plasma Ca2+ (calcitonin aids in lowering blood calcium).

4 / 16

4. Peptide hormones are produced (and/or released) by which structure?

1. The adrenal cortex

2. The gonads

3. The hypothalamus

4. The kidneys

C: The hypothalamus produces peptide hormones.

5 / 16

5. What effect does aldosterone have? It causes:

1. Angiotensin to be formed from angiotensinogen

2. Na+ to be secreted into the filtrate

3. Na+ and Ca++ to be absorbed from the filtrate and K+ to be secreted into the filtrate

4. Na+ to be absorbed from the filtrate and K+ to be secreted into the filtrate

D: Aldosterone promotes the absorption of sodium from the filtrate, while potassium (also a positively charged ion) is secreted to maintain electrical neutrality.

6 / 16

6. What is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas?

1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme

2. Glucocorticoids

3. Glucagon

4. Insulin

D: Beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce insulin. The alpha cells produce glucagon.

7 / 16

7. Which one of the statements below is true?

1. The anterior pituitary produces testosterone from cholesterol and releases it when releasing hormones arrive from the hypothalamus.

2. The hypothalamus produces ADH and oxytocin which are stored in the posterior pituitary.

3. The posterior pituitary contains autonomic centres that exert neural control over the adrenal glands.

4. The thalamus produces ADH and oxytocin which are stored in the anterior pituitary.

B: Testosterone is not produced in the pituitary nor does the pituitary contain autonomic centres.

8 / 16

8. From where are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin released?

1. The anterior pituitary

2. The posterior pituitary

3. The adrenal cortex

4. The adrenal medulla

B: ADH and OT are produced in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary.

9 / 16

9. The hypothalamus produces “releasing hormones”. What do these releasing hormones do?

1. They direct the posterior pituitary to release hormones.

2. They direct the anterior pituitary to release hormones.

3. They direct the gonads to release hormones

4. They act as “second messengers” when hormones bind to their receptor site.

B: The anterior pituitary produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine organs, but the anterior pituitary does not release hormones until directed by the hypothalamus.

10 / 16

10. What hormone does the thyroid produce?

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

2. Calcitriol

3. Thyroxine

4. Parathyroid hormone

C: Thyroxine (or tetraiodothyronine) is converted to triiodothyronine in_x000D_target tissues.

11 / 16

11. Iodine is an essential component of which hormone?

1. Thyroid hormones

2. Aldosterone

3. Thyroid-stimulating hormones

4. Parathyroid hormone

A: Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 contain three and four iodine atoms, respectively.

12 / 16

12. Which statement applies to steroid hormones?

1. They are transported dissolved in blood.

2. They bind to receptor proteins on the outside of the plasma membrane.

3. They cross the plasma membrane by using a protein carrier mechanism.

4. They bind to receptors in the cell cytoplasm or nucleus.

D: As steroid hormones are lipid soluble, their receptors are inside the cell as they can cross the plasma membrane.

13 / 16

13. Which hormone(s) increases the reabsorption of Ca++ from the filtrate in the kidney tubule?

1. Calcitonin

2. Mineralocorticoids

3. Parathyroid hormone

4. Aldosterone

C: PTH causes increased calcium absorption and hence increases blood calcium level.

14 / 16

14. Which of the following is an amino acid derivative hormone?

1. Epinephrine

2. Tyrosine

3. Testosterone

4. Prostaglandin

A: Epinephrine is derived from the amino acid tyrosine (so tyrosine is a wrong answer).

15 / 16

15. Which structure is composed of glandular epithelial tissue?

1. The thalamus

2. The anterior pituitary

3. The posterior pituitary

4. The hypothalamus

B: The anterior pituitary produces and releases six hormones.

16 / 16

16. What effect does aldosterone have?

1. It causes glucose to be absorbed from the blood.

2. It cause Na+ to be absorbed in the kidneys.

3. It causes Ca++ to be absorbed from the gut.

4. It causes K+ to be absorbed from the filtrate.

B: Aldosterone causes reclamation of sodium ions from the filtrate and potassium to be secreted in exchange.

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